What is a Special Guardianship Order (SGO)?

What is a Special Guardianship Order (SGO)?


In the world of family law, many legal mechanisms exist to secure the well-being of children who, for various reasons, cannot remain with their birth parents. One such mechanism is the Special Guardianship Order (SGO).


Introduced by the Adoption and Children Act 2002, an SGO is designed to provide long-term stability for a child by granting parental responsibility to someone other than their parents. This person, known as a special guardian, could be a relative, foster carer, or another individual with a close connection to the child. 


Unlike adoption, however, SGOs do not sever the child’s legal ties with their birth parents.


An SGO gives a child a stable and secure environment while maintaining important family connections, making it a popular alternative to adoption for families who wish to preserve ties with the child's birth parents or extended family. 


This is especially beneficial for children being raised by close family members, such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles, who want to care for the child without completely disrupting the child’s relationship with their birth parents.


Why Was Special Guardianship Introduced?


Before the introduction of SGOs, options for children who could not live with their birth parents were limited primarily to long-term fostering or adoption. Both of these options had drawbacks that didn’t suit all children or families. 


Adoption, for example, completely terminates the birth parents' legal rights and responsibilities toward the child, which can be a harsh measure when a child still has a meaningful relationship with their parents or extended family. Long-term fostering, on the other hand, does not offer the same level of legal security as SGOs because foster carers do not have parental responsibility.


The introduction of Special Guardianship aimed to bridge the gap between these two extremes, offering a middle ground that provides both security and flexibility. 


This legal arrangement is particularly useful when a child has been cared for by relatives or long-term foster carers and it is clear that returning to their birth parents is not in the child’s best interest, but adoption is also inappropriate or unnecessary.


What Are the Effects of a Special Guardianship Order?


When a Special Guardianship Order is made, it has several important legal effects:


  • Long-Term Stability: A Special Guardianship Order is meant to secure the child’s long-term placement with the special guardian until the child reaches 18, providing the child with a stable home environment.


  • Parental Responsibility: The special guardian is granted parental responsibility for the child. This means they have the legal authority to make significant decisions about the child’s upbringing, including decisions about education, medical care, and daily routines. Importantly, the special guardian can exercise this responsibility to the exclusion of others who may hold parental responsibility, including the birth parents.


  • Day-to-Day Control: The special guardian has full authority over the child’s day-to-day care, much like a parent would. This allows the special guardian to make decisions about the child’s schooling, medical treatment, and other aspects of their daily life without needing to seek approval from the birth parents or the courts.


  • Maintaining Birth Family Links: Unlike adoption, which severs all legal ties between the child and their birth family, Special Guardianship preserves the child’s connection to their birth parents. The birth parents retain a limited form of parental responsibility, though they cannot exercise it in ways that interfere with the special guardian’s decision-making. Contact arrangements are often made to allow the child to maintain relationships with their birth family, but these arrangements are subject to the child’s best interests and are not guaranteed.


  • Ending Care Orders: If the child is under a Care Order (which places them under the care of the local authority), this order automatically ends when the Special Guardianship Order is granted. This is because the SGO gives the special guardian full legal responsibility for the child, making it unnecessary for the local authority to remain involved.


The Role of Parental Responsibility


In UK family law, parental responsibility refers to the legal rights, duties, powers, and responsibilities that a parent has in relation to their child. 


When a Special Guardianship Order is made, the special guardian is granted parental responsibility for the child, allowing them to make decisions on the child’s behalf.


While the birth parents do retain some parental responsibility after an SGO is made, their role is significantly diminished. They cannot make any decisions that interfere with the special guardian’s care of the child, and the special guardian has the final say on all significant matters relating to the child’s welfare. 


However, birth parents may still be involved in decisions concerning the child’s religion or name change, but only with the court's permission.


This balance ensures that the child’s needs are met in a stable and consistent way, while still allowing them to maintain relationships with their birth family when appropriate.


Who Can Apply to be a Special Guardian?


Applying for a Special Guardianship Order is not open to just anyone. Only certain individuals are eligible to apply, and these applicants must meet specific criteria set out by UK law. The following individuals may be eligible to apply for an SGO:


  • Relatives of the Child: Grandparents, aunts, uncles, or siblings who have been caring for the child, or who have a close relationship with the child, may apply for an SGO. In most cases, the child must have lived with the applicant for at least one year prior to the application.


  • Foster Carers: Foster carers who have been caring for a child continuously for at least one year may apply for an SGO. This is a common route for foster carers who wish to take on a more permanent role in the child’s life, without the need for adoption.


  • People with Child Arrangements Orders or Residence Orders: If you already have a Child Arrangements Order (previously known as a Residence Order) or a Residence Order specifying that the child should live with you, you may apply for an SGO.


  • Other Individuals: If the child has been living with you for at least three out of the last five years, or if you have the court’s permission, you may apply for an SGO. This category often includes family friends or distant relatives who have developed a close bond with the child and wish to take on a more permanent caregiving role.


If the child is currently in local authority care, the prospective special guardian must inform the local authority of their intention to apply for an SGO at least three months before submitting the application to the court. 

The local authority will then assess whether the applicant is suitable to take on the role of a special guardian.


The Application Process and Assessment


Applying for a Special Guardianship Order is a legal process that involves careful consideration by the courts and local authorities. The process is designed to ensure that the special guardian is capable of meeting the child’s needs and providing a safe, stable, and nurturing environment.


  • Notifying the Local Authority: Before applying for an SGO, prospective special guardians must notify their local authority in writing at least three months before they submit their application to the family court. This notice period allows the local authority to conduct an investigation and prepare a report for the court.


  • Assessment by the Local Authority: The local authority will carry out an in-depth assessment of the applicant's suitability as a special guardian. This process includes a review of the applicant’s background, financial situation, and ability to care for the child. The authority will also assess the child’s needs and consider the potential impact of the SGO on the child’s relationship with their birth parents and wider family.


  • Court Application: Once the local authority has completed its assessment, the prospective special guardian can apply to the family court for an SGO. The court will review the local authority’s report, along with any other evidence, before making its decision.


  • The Child’s Best Interests: In all cases, the court’s decision will be guided by what is in the best interests of the child. This is the paramount consideration in any decision about a child’s future, and the court will carefully weigh the potential benefits and risks of making an SGO.


Support for Special Guardians


Becoming a special guardian is a significant responsibility, and those who take on this role are often entitled to various forms of support. 


The type and level of support available can vary depending on the child’s circumstances and whether they were previously in local authority care. Some of the support options available to special guardians include:


  • Financial Support: In some cases, special guardians may be eligible for financial assistance to help with the costs of raising the child. This is particularly common if the child was in local authority care prior to the SGO. However, it’s important to note that financial support is not automatic, and special guardians will need to apply for it.


  • Counselling and Mediation: Special guardians may be offered counselling or mediation services to help them navigate the complexities of caring for a child with a troubled background. Mediation can also be useful in helping to establish or maintain contact arrangements with the child’s birth parents.


  • Respite Care: In cases where the child has particularly demanding needs, special guardians may be offered respite care, allowing them to take short breaks while ensuring that the child remains in a safe environment.


  • Support Groups: Many local authorities and charities offer support groups for special guardians, providing an opportunity to share experiences, advice, and emotional support with others in similar situations.


  • Training and Therapeutic Support: In cases where the child has experienced trauma, abuse, or neglect, special guardians may be offered specialised training and therapeutic support to help them manage the child’s needs and ensure their well-being.


Even with an SGO in place, the child’s biological parents remain financially responsible for their child, and in many cases, they will be required to contribute to the child’s upbringing, either through child maintenance payments or other forms of support.


Alternatives to Special Guardianship


While Special Guardianship is a popular and effective option for many children, it is not the only legal arrangement available for those who cannot live with their birth parents. Some of the alternatives to SGOs include:


  • Adoption: Adoption provides a permanent legal solution by transferring all parental responsibility from the birth parents to the adoptive parents. Once an Adoption Order is made, the birth parents lose all legal rights and responsibilities for the child, and the child is considered a legal member of their adoptive family.


Adoption is often seen as the most permanent solution for children who cannot return to their birth parents, but it is not always the best option for children who have strong ties to their birth family or older children who may struggle with the idea of adoption.


  • Long-Term Fostering: Long-term fostering provides a stable home for children who cannot live with their birth parents, but it does not grant the foster carers parental responsibility.


This means that foster carers cannot make major decisions about the child’s life, such as where they will go to school or what medical treatment they will receive. Long-term fostering can provide a loving and stable environment for children, but it does not offer the same legal security as Special Guardianship.


  • Child Arrangements Orders: A Child Arrangements Order (formerly known as a Residence Order) is another option for children who need a secure living arrangement.


This order sets out where a child will live and grants parental responsibility to the person the child lives with. However, this responsibility is shared with the birth parents, and the person with the Child Arrangements Order may have less decision-making authority than a special guardian.


The Importance of Special Guardianship in Child Welfare


Special Guardianship plays a crucial role in ensuring that children who cannot live with their birth parents have the opportunity to grow up in a stable, loving, and supportive environment. 


By providing a legal framework that offers both security and flexibility, SGOs allow children to maintain important connections with their birth family while ensuring that their day-to-day needs are met by a trusted and responsible adult.


For many children, Special Guardianship offers the best of both worlds: the stability of a long-term placement with a caring and responsible guardian, and the ability to maintain relationships with their birth parents and extended family. 


It is a legal arrangement that recognises the importance of family connections while prioritising the child’s need for security, stability, and love.


In conclusion, Special Guardianship is an important option for children who cannot remain with their birth parents. It provides them with the stability and security they need to thrive while preserving their connections to their birth family. 



For relatives, foster carers, and other individuals who wish to take on a more permanent role in a child’s life, an SGO offers a flexible and supportive framework that ensures the child’s best interests are always at the forefront.

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What is a Sibling Assessment?

By Emma Surman • August 11, 2024
What is a Sibling Assessment? Sibling relationships are often the longest-lasting relationships in a person’s life. They play a crucial role in child development, providing emotional support, companionship, and a sense of belonging. In the context of social work, understanding these relationships becomes essential, especially when making decisions about the care and well-being of children. This blog aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of what a sibling assessment entails, its importance, and how it is conducted. A sibling assessment is typically a Together or Apart assessment, however different types of social work assessments can explore and assess sibling relationships. Secondly, a sibling assessment is pivotal in ensuring that the best interests of children are met, particularly in scenarios involving care proceedings and child protection. By examining these relationships, social workers can make informed decisions that support the emotional and psychological needs of children. Understanding Sibling Assessments A sibling assessment is a detailed evaluation of the relationships between siblings, typically conducted by qualified social workers. The primary purpose of these assessments is to gather insights into the dynamics, strengths, and potential challenges within sibling relationships. This information is crucial when making decisions about whether siblings should be placed together or apart in care settings, and how to support their relationships and individual needs best. Sibling assessments are not just about understanding how siblings interact with each other, but also about recognising the emotional bonds and support systems that exist within the sibling group. These assessments aim to ensure that decisions made are in the best interests of the children, considering both their individual and collective well-being. Key Aspects of a Sibling Assessment Observation Direct observation is fundamental in a sibling assessment. Social workers observe siblings together in various settings to get a holistic view of their interactions and relationships. This can include: - Observing siblings in their home environment, where natural interactions occur. - Structured play sessions, which can reveal dynamics such as cooperation, competition, and care. - Observations in school or other settings where siblings might interact differently compared to home. Face to Face Visits Face to face visits are a crucial part of gathering in-depth information. These can include: - Age-appropriate interviews with the siblings themselves, allowing them to express their feelings and perspectives. - Interviews with parents or carers to understand the family dynamics and history. - Conversations with extended family members, teachers, and other professionals involved in the children’s lives to gain a broader perspective on sibling relationships. Questionnaires and Standardised Assessments Using standardised tools helps in assessing specific needs and behaviours. Common tools include: - The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), which assesses children’s emotional well-being and behavioural issues. - Other relevant questionnaires that address specific aspects of the siblings' interactions and individual challenges. - Standardised assessments that may focus on developmental or cognitive issues, providing a comprehensive view of each child’s needs. Genograms and Ecomaps Visual tools like genograms and ecomaps are used to represent family relationships and systems. These tools help in identifying patterns, influences, and the broader context of sibling relationships. They provide a visual summary of family dynamics, which can be crucial in understanding complex relationships. Family File Analysis Reviewing existing family files, including previous assessments, reports, and records, provides a historical context to the sibling relationships. This analysis can uncover patterns, past interventions, and the effectiveness of those interventions, guiding current and future decision-making. Consultation with Other Professionals Input from a range of professionals, such as psychologists, psychiatrists, and educational psychologists, provides a multidisciplinary perspective. These consultations can offer deeper insights into the psychological and emotional aspects of sibling relationships, ensuring a well-rounded assessment. Related: What is ParentAssess? Specific Assessment Frameworks and Related Plans Together or Apart Assessment The Together or Apart Assessment is a structured framework used primarily in care proceedings to determine whether siblings should remain together or be placed separately. This assessment considers factors such as the quality of the sibling relationship, individual needs, and the potential impact of separation or staying together. It aims to make decisions that best support the emotional and developmental well-being of each child. Common Assessment Framework (CAF) While the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) is primarily used for initial assessments of children and families, it can be adapted to include sibling relationships. The CAF helps in identifying needs early and ensuring that support is provided in a coordinated way. By including sibling dynamics in this framework, social workers can better address the needs of each child within the context of their sibling relationships. Child Protection Conferences and Plans Child Protection Conferences bring together professionals involved in a child's case to assess risk and plan for the child's safety and well-being. These conferences are essential in evaluating sibling relationships, particularly in cases where there is a risk of harm. By involving multiple professionals, these conferences ensure a comprehensive assessment and a well-coordinated approach to supporting the children. Key Considerations in Sibling Assessments Child’s Age and Development The assessment approach must be tailored to the ages and developmental stages of the children involved. Younger children may require different observation techniques and interview methods compared to older children. Understanding developmental milestones and age-appropriate behaviours is crucial in accurately assessing sibling interactions. Sibling Relationship Dynamics Each sibling relationship is unique, with its own set of dynamics. Assessors need to understand the nature and quality of these relationships, including aspects like attachment, rivalry, and support. Recognising these dynamics helps in making informed decisions about placements and interventions. Individual Needs It is essential to consider each sibling's individual needs and wishes. This includes their emotional, psychological, and physical needs. A thorough assessment ensures that these individual needs are not overshadowed by the focus on sibling relationships. Cultural and Ethnic Factors Cultural and ethnic backgrounds can significantly influence sibling relationships and family dynamics. Assessors must take these factors into account, understanding how cultural norms and values impact interactions and support systems within the family. Long Term Outcomes Decisions made during sibling assessments should consider the potential long-term impact on sibling relationships. The goal is to support and preserve these relationships whenever possible, recognising their importance for the children’s emotional and psychological well-being. Challenges and Solutions in Completing Sibling Assessments Emotional Barriers Conducting sibling assessments comes with a set of challenges that can complicate the process. One significant challenge is the emotional barriers that children might face. Children may be reluctant to share their true feelings due to fear, loyalty conflicts, or trauma. This reluctance can hinder the accuracy of the assessment, making it difficult for social workers to obtain a clear picture of the sibling dynamics. To overcome this, building a rapport with the children through consistent, supportive interaction is crucial. Utilising play therapy and creative techniques can also help children express themselves more comfortably, providing a more accurate representation of their feelings and relationships. Bias and Subjectivity Bias and subjectivity present another challenge in sibling assessments. Personal biases of assessors or interviewees can impact the objectivity of the findings, leading to skewed results. To mitigate this, implementing structured and standardised assessment tools is essential. These tools help minimise subjectivity and ensure that the assessment remains impartial. Additionally, regularly reviewing and reflecting on assessment practices can help social workers maintain objectivity and improve the accuracy of their evaluations. Inconsistent Information Inconsistent information from different sources can also pose a challenge, making it difficult to form a clear understanding of sibling dynamics. Social workers often encounter conflicting data from interviews, observations, and case files. To address this issue, cross-referencing data from multiple sources is necessary to identify patterns and discrepancies. Consulting with a multi-disciplinary team can provide different perspectives, helping to reconcile inconsistencies and form a comprehensive view of sibling relationships. Time Constraints Time constraints are a common issue in social work, and conducting thorough sibling assessments can be particularly time-consuming. Social workers often face tight deadlines, which can compromise the depth and quality of the assessment. To manage this, prioritising key assessment components and streamlining processes where possible is crucial. Utilising efficient data collection methods and delegating tasks to support staff can also help social workers conduct comprehensive assessments within the available time frame. Cultural Sensitivity Cultural sensitivity is another critical factor in sibling assessments. Cultural differences can affect sibling dynamics and perceptions, and a lack of cultural understanding can lead to misinterpretation. Engaging cultural mediators or consultants can help bridge this gap, ensuring that assessments are culturally informed and accurate. Continuous cultural competence training for social workers is also vital to maintaining sensitivity and understanding in diverse family contexts. Communication Barriers Communication barriers can arise due to language differences or developmental delays, complicating the assessment process. These barriers can prevent effective communication and understanding between the social worker and the children. To overcome this, using interpreters or communication aids is essential. Adapting interview techniques to suit the communication needs of each child can also facilitate better understanding and more accurate assessments. Legal and Ethical Considerations Finally, navigating the legal and ethical complexities of sibling assessments, especially in care proceedings, can be daunting. Social workers must stay informed about current laws and ethical guidelines to ensure that their assessments are conducted appropriately. Seeking legal advice when needed and maintaining transparency and confidentiality throughout the assessment process are crucial to upholding ethical standards and protecting the children's best interests. Best Practices for Conducting Sibling Assessments Multi-Disciplinary Approach A multi-disciplinary approach is essential for comprehensive sibling assessments. Collaborating with professionals from different fields, such as psychology, education, and healthcare, ensures a well-rounded understanding of sibling relationships and individual needs. This approach brings diverse perspectives and expertise, which is crucial for making informed decisions. Child-Centric Approach The assessment should always prioritise the best interests of the children. This means considering their emotional, psychological, and developmental needs. Using age-appropriate language and techniques during interviews and observations helps ensure that children feel comfortable and understood. The child's voice should be central to the assessment process. Engagement with Families Engaging with parents, carers, and extended family members provides valuable insights into sibling relationships and family dynamics. It also helps in building trust and cooperation, which are essential for effective assessment and intervention. Families can provide context and history that may not be evident through observation alone. Continuous Training and Development Social workers and other professionals involved in sibling assessments should engage in continuous training and development. Staying updated with the latest research, methodologies, and best practices ensures that assessments are conducted effectively and ethically. Training in cultural competence, trauma-informed care, and child development is particularly important. Recap of Key Points Sibling assessments are a critical component of social work, providing valuable insights into the dynamics and needs of sibling groups. These assessments involve a combination of observation, interviews, standardised assessments, and consultation with other professionals. Key frameworks like the Together or Apart Assessment and Common Assessment Framework guide the process. Final Thoughts The key goal of conducting sibling assessments is to make informed, child-centred decisions that support the well-being and development of each child. By understanding the complexities of sibling relationships and individual needs, social workers can ensure that interventions and placements are in the best interests of the children.

What is ParentAssess?

By Emma Surman • June 4, 2024
Confused by social services involvement due to a learning disability? ParentAssess is a supportive framework used to assess parenting skills, focusing on strengths and offering a clear path forward for parents with additional needs.